PascalCoin by Albert Molina

THE PASCALCOIN VALUE PROPOSITION
INFINITE SCALING
In the context of this document, Infinite Scaling is defined as “ the ability of a blockchain-driven
network to achieve infinite running time on finite and constant storage”. This definition defines a
theoretical limit which measures an upper-limit of a “ Throughput-Per-Unit-Of-Storage” KPI.
Blockchain architectures with high Throughput-Per-Unit-Of-Storage result in high numbers of users
with fast confirmation times and low-fees. Networks with low Throughput-Per-Unit-Of-Storage
experience slow confirmation times, high-fees and admit an inherent ceiling of users.
HOW DOES PASCALCOIN ACHIEVE “INFINTE SCALING”?
Simply put, the blocks in Pascal Coin will be deletable past the checkpointing height of 100. Since
new blocks will be appended to the top of the chain and old blocks deleted from the bottom, only a
constant number of blocks will ever be required at any time. Checkpoints occur every 100’th block
and are simply compressed SafeBox archives. When a new node joins the network, it only downloads the latest
Checkpoint and a few dozen blocks. In addition, the SafeBox now contains block header information in every
Account Segment sub-structure. This makes it possible for a node to independently compute and verify the
cumulative work required to construct the SafeBox structure. It does this by:
● Checking that all block headers link transitively as a chain via the SafeBox
● Recalculating the Accumulated Work of the SafeBox using the proof-of-work payloads
● Verifying that the Accumulated Work of the SafeBox is the largest known in the network.
As a result, PascalCoin achieves exponentially higher Throughput-Per-Unit-Of-Storage than other
cryptocurrencies, since node's only need to store the network throughput not the aggregated
network throughput . In other words, PascalCoin stores the flow of transactions rather than the
history of transactions . If the flow is constant, so is the storage. A caveat here is that the SafeBox
does grow negligibly with every block, but always in constant amounts and irrespective of the
quantity of transactions. For example, by the year 2072 the SafeBox will always be ~6 GB in size
whether 1 transaction occurred or a googleplex.

PHYSICAL SCALING LIMITS
Since nodes only need to keep 100 blocks or so at any one time, PascalCoin allows for exponentially larger block
sizes than current cryptocurrencies. For example, for the same amount of storage that a Bitcoin node consumes
today, PascalCoin could theoretically sustain a blocksize of 5.4 GB with a throughput of 72,000 txn/sec. Clearly there
would be other bottlenecks such as signature verification and network overflow at that extreme scale, but it does
highlight the new tier of cryptocurrency PascalCoin pioneers.
W H Y O T H E R C O I N S CA N N O T A C H I E V E S I M I LA R S CA L I N G
Other cryptocurrencies cannot achieve this for two reasons. Firstly, they rely on the old block data to serve as the
source of funds for new transactions in the form of UTXO’s (Unspent Transaction Outputs). Secondly, stake-proofs
with in the Proof-of-Stake paradigm cannot be used retrospectively to aggregate the “total stake” staked to create
that structure. In short, the SafeBox structure attains an intrinsic “difficulty” property proportional to the total work
of the blocks used to create it, and cannot be easily forged. This is only achievable in the Proof-of-Work paradigm .
Whilst there are other approaches these cryptocurrencies could use such as pruning, warp-sync, "finality
checkpoints", UTXO-snapshotting, etc, there is a fundamental difference. Their new nodes can only prove they are on
most-work-chain using the infinite history whereas in PascalCoin, new nodes can prove they are on the most-

workchain without the infinite history. MimbleWimble is the closest proposal to achieve what Pascal Coin already does in
terms of storage efficiency in UTXO-based cryptocurrencies.
STRONG 0-CONFIRMATION GUARANTEES
Since PascalCoin is not a UTXO-based currency but rather a State-based currency, the security guarantee of 0-
confirmation transactions are much stronger than in UTXO-based currencies. For example, in Bitcoin if a merchant
accepts a 0-confirmation transaction for a coffee, the buyer can simply roll that transaction back after receiving the
coffee but before the transaction is confirmed in a block. The way the buyer does this is by re-spending those UTXOs
to himself in a new transaction (with a higher fee) thus invalidating them for the merchant.
In PascalCoin, this is virtually impossible since the buyer's transaction to the merchant is simply a delta-operation to
debit/credit a quantity from/to accounts respectively. The buyer is unable to erase or pre-empt this transaction from
the network’s pending pool until it either enters a block or is discarded. If the buyer tries to double-spend the Coffee
funds after receiving the Coffee but before they clear, the double-spend transaction will not propagate the network
since nodes do not propagate a transaction if it double-spends a current pending transaction.

PascalCoin by Albert Molina