Part I
INVESTMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE
INTELLIGENT INVESTOR
IN MY MISSION to bring the simplicity of investing to American families—
the wisdom of focusing on the long term, the futility of trying to outguess the
market, and the powerful burden that the high cost of investing places on
investment success—I've constantly strived to translate abstract financial
ideas into down-to-earth terms to which ordinary human beings can relate.
Perhaps my efforts to do so will be obvious in the opening three chapters of
this book. Chapter 1, “Investing in the New Millennium: The Bagel and the
Doughnut,” was inspired by an essay by New York Times journalist William
Safire. While he was writing about, well, bagels and doughnuts, I use these
baked goods as an analogy for both the stock market (the hard-crusted
nutrition of corporate earnings and dividends versus the tempting but
transitory sweetness of price-earnings multiples) and the mutual fund industry
(the solid, patient index fund versus the frenetic, but finally undernourishing,
actively managed mutual fund).
The next two chapters pursue the same theme in different ways, with “The
Clash of the Cultures in Investing” describing the disappointing records
achieved by four groups of money managers and financial advisers following
traditional active strategies. These approaches face long odds, I conclude, so
gamblers should use them only for their “funny money account.” I contrast
them with passive strategies such as indexing, my preferred choice for the
“serious money account.” Perhaps unsurprisingly, I recommend that no more
than 5% of the investor's assets be allocated to funny money. Next, in “Equity
Fund Selection: The Needle or the Haystack,” I rely on Cervantes' timeless
warning against looking for a needle in a haystack. The odds against finding
the winning mutual fund in the stock market haystack are demonstrably long,
so I conclude: Don't bother looking. Just buy the all-market haystack.
In these heady market days at the turn of the century, I thought it would prove
wise—perhaps even prescient—to remind investors about the importance of
risk and risk control, the subject of Chapter 4. When the day comes that the
stock market falls flat on its face, as it does periodically, investors will need to
keep their perspective. So, in Chapter 5 I present a speech delivered in 1988,
with the stock market still pale, sickly, and, well, hungover, after the abrupt
35% market decline that took place in September–October 1987. My title,
“Buy Stocks? No Way!,” was a quotation from a cover story in Time
magazine in September 1988 that warned investors to stay away from the
stock market: “… one of the sleaziest enterprises in the world… a dangerous
game… a crapshoot.” Even then I was beating the index fund drum, urging
“low cost, unmanaged index-oriented investing as a core portion of the equity
portfolios of most investors.” Ever the contrarian, I took the Time story as a
sign that investors “should avoid liquidating equity holdings at prices that
reflect fear and pessimism, (hold) common stocks as the centerpiece of their
financial programs,” and stay the course. It may well be that not too far down
the road, the long bull market of 1982–2000 will face its own Waterloo, and
I'll have to dust off that perspective and once again air some consummate
good sense. Who really knows?
I've also talked often to professional audiences about, not only the remarkable
value of stock market indexing, but the critical need for the managers and
marketers of index funds to face up to the limitations of indexing and the risks
in dragging this inherently simple concept too far from its roots: Owning a
passive portfolio that represents the entire U.S. stock market. The speeches in
Chapters 6 and 7, delivered at The Superbowl of Indexing in 1998 and 1999,
respectively, present some of these issues. The former talk challenges the
essay published by a deservedly respected investment banking firm entitled
“The Death Rattle of Indexing” and concludes, Macbeth-like, that “the knell
that summons thee to heaven or hell” was in fact tolling for the death, not of
indexing, but of active managers. The latter talk celebrates the growth of the
assets of Vanguard's 500 Index Fund to $100 billion, a milestone that serves
to mark “the moment that heresy (the idea of market indexing) finally turned
to dogma.” Even so, I express concerns about overmarketing the index
concept, cautioning that “there is a difference between designing a product
that sells, and creating an investment that serves.”
Chapters 8 and 9, both dating back nearly a decade, present my ideas on the
successful selection of equity funds and bond funds. In both cases, I stress the
need for careful analysis of past returns and risks, consistency of investment
policies, emphasis on high quality and broad diversification, avoidance of
strategic gimmickry, and focus on funds with the lowest sales charges (or,
even better, none) and the lowest management fees and operating expenses.
Most of these ideas date to my Princeton thesis.
John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years by John C. Bogle