Explicit and implicit costs and accounting and economic profit
Posted 2023-04-24 18:42:05
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Key points
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Privately owned firms are motivated to earn profits. Profit is the difference between revenues and costs.
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Private enterprise is the ownership of businesses by private individuals.
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Production is the process of combining inputs to produce outputs, ideally of a value greater than the value of the inputs.
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Revenue is income from selling a firm’s product; defined as price times quantity sold.
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Accounting profit is the total revenues minus explicit costs, including depreciation.
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Economic profit is total revenues minus total costs—explicit plus implicit costs.
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Explicit costs are out-of-pocket costs for a firm—for example, payments for wages and salaries, rent, or materials.
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Implicit costs are a specific type of opportunity cost: the cost of resources already owned by the firm that could have been put to some other use. For example, an entrepreneur who owns a business could use her labor to earn income at a job.
Explicit and implicit costs and accounting and economic Profit
Private enterprise—the ownership of businesses by private individuals—is a hallmark of the US economy. When people think of businesses, often giants like Wal-Mart, Microsoft, or General Motors come to mind. But firms come in all sizes, as you can see in the table below.
The vast majority of US firms have fewer than 20 employees. As of 2010, the US Census Bureau counted 5.7 million firms with employees in the US economy. Slightly less than half of all the workers in private firms are at the 17,000 large firms, firms that employ more than 500 workers. Another 35% of workers in the US economy are at firms with fewer than 100 workers.
These small-scale businesses include everything from dentists and lawyers to businesses that mow lawns or clean houses. There are also millions of small, non-employer businesses where a single owner or a few partners are not officially paid wages or a salary but simply receive whatever they can earn—there is not a separate category in the table for these businesses.
| Number of employees | Firms, % of total firms | Number of paid employees, % of total employment |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 5,734,538 | 112.0 million |
| 0–9 | 4,543,315, 79.2% | 12.3 million, 11.0% |
| 10–19 | 617,089, 10.8% | 8.3 million, 7.4% |
| 20–99 | 475,125, 8.3% | 18.6 million, 16.6% |
| 100–499 | 81,773, 1.4% | 15.9 million, 14.2% |
| 500 or more | 17,236, 0.30% | 50.9 million, 49.8% |
Source: 2010 US Census, www.census.gov
Each of these businesses, regardless of size or complexity, tries to earn a profit.
Profit=Total revenue−Total costProfit=Total revenue−Total coststart text, P, r, o, f, i, t, end text, equals, start text, T, o, t, a, l, space, r, e, v, e, n, u, e, end text, minus, start text, T, o, t, a, l, space, c, o, s, t, end text
Total revenue is the income brought into a firm from selling its products. It is calculated by multiplying the price of the product times the quantity of output sold:
Total revenue=Price×QuantityTotal revenue=Price×Quantitystart text, T, o, t, a, l, space, r, e, v, e, n, u, e, end text, equals, start text, P, r, i, c, e, end text, times, start text, Q, u, a, n, t, i, t, y, end text
We can distinguish between two types of cost: explicit and implicit. Explicit costs are out-of-pocket costs—payments that are actually made. Wages that a firm pays its employees or rent that a firm pays for its office are explicit costs.
Implicit costs are more subtle but just as important. They represent the opportunity cost of using resources already owned by the firm. Often for small businesses, they are resources contributed by the owners—for example, working in the business while not getting a formal salary or using the ground floor of a home as a retail store. Implicit costs also allow for depreciation of goods, materials, and equipment that are necessary for a company to operate.
These two definitions of cost are important for distinguishing between two conceptions of profit—accounting profit and economic profit. Accounting profit is a cash concept. It means total revenue minus explicit costs—the difference between dollars brought in and dollars paid out. Economic profit is total revenue minus total cost, which includes both explicit and implicit costs.
The difference is important. Even though a business pays income taxes based on its accounting profit, whether or not it is economically successful depends on its economic profit.
Calculating implicit costs
Let's take a look at an example in order to understand better how to calculate implicit costs.
Fred currently works for a corporate law firm. He is considering opening his own legal practice, where he expects to earn $200,000 per year once he gets established. To run his own firm, he would need an office and a law clerk. He has found the perfect office, which rents for $50,000 per year. A law clerk could be hired for $35,000 per year. If these figures are accurate, would Fred’s legal practice be profitable?
Step 1. First we'll calculate the costs. We'll use what we know about explicit costs:
Explicit costs=Office rental−Law clerk’s salaryExplicit costs=$50,000+$35,000Explicit costs=$85,000Explicit costsExplicit costsExplicit costs=Office rental−Law clerk’s salary=$50,000+$35,000=$85,000
Step 2. Subtracting the explicit costs from the revenue gives you the accounting profit.
Accounting profit=Revenues−Explicit costsAccounting profit=$200,000−$85,000Accounting profit=$115,000Accounting profitAccounting profitAccounting profit=Revenues−Explicit costs=$200,000−$85,000=$115,000
But these calculations consider only the explicit costs. To open his own practice, Fred would have to quit his current job, where he is earning an annual salary of $125,000. This would be an implicit cost of opening his own firm.
Step 3. You need to subtract both the explicit and implicit costs to determine the true economic profit:
Economic profit=Total revenues−Explicit costs−Implicit costsEconomic profit=$200,000−$85,000−$125,000Economic profit=−$10,000Economic profitEconomic profitEconomic profit=Total revenues−Explicit costs−Implicit costs=$200,000−$85,000−$125,000=−$10,000
Fred would be losing $10,000 per year. That does not mean he would not want to open his own business, but it does mean he would be earning $10,000 less than if he worked for the corporate firm.
Implicit costs can include other things as well. Maybe Fred values his leisure time, and starting his own firm would require him to put in more hours than at the corporate firm. In this case, the lost leisure would also be an implicit cost that would subtract from economic profits.
Summary
-
Privately owned firms are motivated to earn profits. Profit is the difference between revenues and costs.
-
Private enterprise is the ownership of businesses by private individuals.
-
Production is the process of combining inputs to produce outputs, ideally of a value greater than the value of the inputs.
-
Revenue is income from selling a firm’s product; defined as price times quantity sold.
-
Accounting profit is the total revenues minus explicit costs, including depreciation.
-
Economic profit is total revenues minus total costs—explicit plus implicit costs.
-
Explicit costs are out-of-pocket costs for a firm—for example, payments for wages and salaries, rent, or materials.
-
Implicit costs are the opportunity cost of resources already owned by the firm and used in business—for example, expanding a factory onto land already owned.
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