Law of supply
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Key points
- The law of supply states that a higher price leads to a higher quantity supplied and that a lower price leads to a lower quantity supplied.
- Supply curves and supply schedules are tools used to summarize the relationship between supply and price.
Supply of goods and services
When economists talk about supply, they mean the amount of some good or service a producer is willing to supply at each price. Price is what the producer receives for selling one unit of a good or service. An increase in price almost always leads to an increase in the quantity supplied of that good or service, while a decrease in price will decrease the quantity supplied.
When the price of gasoline rises, for example, it encourages profit-seeking firms to take several actions: expand exploration for oil reserves, drill for more oil, invest in more pipelines and oil tankers to bring the oil to plants where it can be refined into gasoline, build new oil refineries, purchase additional pipelines and trucks to ship the gasoline to gas stations, and open more gas stations or keep existing gas stations open longer hours.
Economists call this positive relationship between price and quantity supplied—that a higher price leads to a higher quantity supplied and a lower price leads to a lower quantity supplied—the law of supply. The law of supply assumes that all other variables that affect supply are held constant.
Supply schedule and supply curve
- A supply schedule is a table that shows the quantity supplied at each price.
- A supply curve is a graph that shows the quantity supplied at each price. Sometimes the supply curve is called a supply schedule because it is a graphical representation of the supply schedule.
Here's an example of a supply schedule from the market for gasoline:
| Price (per gallon) | Quantity supplied (millions of gallons) |
|---|---|
| $1.00$1.00dollar sign, 1, point, 00 | 500500500 |
| $1.20$1.20dollar sign, 1, point, 20 | 550550550 |
| $1.40$1.40dollar sign, 1, point, 40 | 600600600 |
| $1.60$1.60dollar sign, 1, point, 60 | 640640640 |
| $1.80$1.80dollar sign, 1, point, 80 | 680680680 |
| $2.00$2.00dollar sign, 2, point, 00 | 700700700 |
| $2.20$2.20dollar sign, 2, point, 20 | 720720720 |
Price is measured in dollars per gallon of gasoline, and quantity supplied is measured in millions of gallons.
Here's the same information shown as a supply curve with quantity on the horizontal axis and the price per gallon on the vertical axis. Note that this is an exception to the normal rule in mathematics that the independent variable goes on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable goes on the vertical.
The shape of supply curves will vary somewhat according to the product: steeper, flatter, straighter, or more curved. Nearly all supply curves, however, share a basic similarity: they slope up from left to right and illustrate the law of supply. As the price increases, say, from $1.00 per gallon to $2.20 per gallon, the quantity supplied increases from 500 million gallons to 720 million gallons. Conversely, as the price decreases, the quantity supplied decreases.
The difference between supply and quantity supplied
In economic terminology, supply is not the same as quantity supplied. When economists refer to supply, they mean the relationship between a range of prices and the quantities supplied at those prices—a relationship that can be illustrated with a supply curve or a supply schedule. When economists refer to quantity supplied, they mean only a certain point on the supply curve, or one quantity on the supply schedule. In short, supply refers to the curve, and quantity supplied refers to a specific point on the curve.
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