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Beyond GDP: other ways to measure the economyKey points Gross national product, or GNP, includes what is produced domestically and what is produced by domestic labor and business abroad in a year. National income includes all income earned: wages, profits, rent, and profit income. Net national product, or NNP, is GNP minus depreciation. Depreciation is the process by which capital ages...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 12Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Changes in equilibrium price and quantity: the four-step processKey points There is a four-step process that allows us to predict how an event will affect the equilibrium price and quantity using the supply and demand framework. Step one: draw a market model (a supply curve and a demand curve) representing the situation before the economic event took place. Step two: determine whether the economic event being analyzed affects demand...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 10Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Changes in equilibrium price and quantity: the four-step processKey points There is a four-step process that allows us to predict how an event will affect the equilibrium price and quantity using the supply and demand framework. Step one: draw a market model (a supply curve and a demand curve) representing the situation before the economic event took place. Step two: determine whether the economic event being analyzed affects demand...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 11Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Command-and-control regulationKey points Command-and-control regulation sets specific limits for pollution emissions and/or mandates that specific pollution-control technologies that must be used. Although such regulations have helped to protect the environment, they have three shortcomings: they provide no incentive for going beyond the limits they set; they offer limited flexibility on where and...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 8Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Command-and-control regulationKey points Command-and-control regulation sets specific limits for pollution emissions and/or mandates that specific pollution-control technologies that must be used. Although such regulations have helped to protect the environment, they have three shortcomings: they provide no incentive for going beyond the limits they set; they offer limited flexibility on where and...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 9Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Comparing GDP among countriesKey Points Since GDP is measured in a country’s currency, in order to compare different countries’ GDPs, we need to convert them to a common currency. One way to compare different countries' GDPs is with an exchange rate, the price of one country’s currency in terms of another. GDP per capita is GDP divided by population....0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 9Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Decisions within a budget constraintKey points The budget constraint is the boundary of the opportunity set—all possible combinations of consumption that someone can afford given the prices of goods and the individual’s income. Opportunity cost measures cost in terms of what must be given up in exchange. Marginal analysis is the process of comparing the benefits and...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 7Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Decisions within a budget constraintKey points The budget constraint is the boundary of the opportunity set—all possible combinations of consumption that someone can afford given the prices of goods and the individual’s income. Opportunity cost measures cost in terms of what must be given up in exchange. Marginal analysis is the process of comparing the benefits and...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 7Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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Economic efficiencyKey Points Economic efficiency is the idea that it is impossible to improve the situation of one party without imposing a cost on another. If a situation is economically inefficient, it becomes possible to benefit at least one party without imposing costs on others. Consumer surplus is the gap between the price that consumers are willing to...0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 6Кб Просмотры 0 предпросмотр
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