Egypt (Arabic: Yeghipet; مصر Misr/Miṣr [misʕɾ], masri مصر Masr/Maṣr [ˈmɑsʕɾ], Copt. Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ [khēmi]), the official name is the Republic of Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: ⲓ [khēmi]), the official name of the Republic of Arabic: Eghipet (Arabic: ⲓ[ [khēmi]), the official name of the Republic of Arabic: Yeghipet (Arabic: ⲏⲙⲓ [khēmi]), the official name of the Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: جمهورية مصر العربية Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiya, Masri جمهورية مصر العربية Gumhuriya Masr il-Arabia) is a transcontinental state located in North Africa and the Middle East (Sinai Peninsula).

In the north-east it borders with Israel and the partially recognized state of Palestine, in the south - with Sudan, in the west - with Libya. In the north, the territory of the country is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, in the east by the Red Sea, while both seas are connected by means of an artificially constructed Suez Canal.

At the turn of the IV-III millennium BC. e. about twenty city-states along the upper reaches of the Nile, and the same number along the lower reaches, were united under the rule of two rulers. Soon the war between Upper and Lower Egypt ended with the victory of the king of Upper Egypt, who became the sole ruler of the country. Thus, a large state with a single center, managed by a bureaucratic apparatus, headed by a pharaoh, appeared.

~ 3000 BC – Unification of Egypt by Pharaoh Narmer, from which begins the Early Kingdom with its capital in the Upper Egyptian city of Tisza.
~ 2700 BC - The beginning of the Old Kingdom with its capital in Lower Egyptian Memphis (Menefer).
~ 2000 BC is a new era of Egyptian history, the Middle Kingdom, with its capital again in the Upper Egyptian city of Thebes (Huaset).
1700 BC – Hyksos invasion.
1279 BC—1213 BC — Reign of Ramesses II.
- 1274 BC – Battle of Kadesh
670 BC – Conquest of Egypt by the Assyrian king Asarhaddon.
655 BC - Expulsion of the Assyrians by Psammetichus I and the founding by him of the last independent Egyptian kingdom with its capital in Sais.
525 BC – Conquest of Egypt by the Persian king Cambyses II, the territory of Egypt is part of the Achaemenid state.
332 BC – Conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great. Alexandria was founded.
305 BC – 30 BC was a Greek Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.
30 BC—395 was Egypt within ancient Rome.
The first century was the spread of Christianity.
395-645 - Egypt as part of Byzantium.
451 – Formation of the national Coptic (Egyptian) church.
645-1171 - Egypt as part of the Arab Caliphate. Spread of Islam. Arabization of Egypt.
- 868–905– Reign of the Tulunid dynasty
972 – Cairo is founded. Beginning of fatimid rule.
- 1171 – Saladin's invasion. The beginning of the reign of the Ayyubids.
1250 – Mamluk Revolution. Aibek becomes sultan.
1260 - Repelling the invasion of the Mongols.
1261 – The Mamluks invite the Abbasid caliphs to the post of supreme cleric.
1347 is the beginning of the Black Death, a catastrophic plague epidemic that dealt a crushing blow to the population and economy of Egypt and neighboring countries.
1382-1517 - Burjit dynasty (Circassian Mamluks).
1517-1914 - Egypt within the Ottoman Empire. It is ruled by viceroys - pashas.
1798-1799 - invasion of the French under the leadership of Napoleon.
- 1801 – British invasion
1805 - Pasha Muhammad Ali, an Albanian by nationality, actually independent of Istanbul, came to power.
1811 - Massacre of the Mamluks.  
Egypt in the 19th century
1811-1818 - war against the Arabian Wahhabis, the defeat of the Wahhabis by the armies of Muhammad Ali.
1823 – Conquest of Sudan.
1863-1879 - Reign of Ismail Pasha.
1858-1869 - completion of the construction of the modern Suez Canal under the leadership of the Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps.
- 1881 – Anti-Egyptian Mahdist rebellion in Sudan
1881-1882 - uprising of Ahmad Orabi Pasha.
1882 - British occupation with the formal preservation of Turkey's rights to this territory (see Anglo-Egyptian War).
1914-1922 - Egypt - Protectorate of Great Britain.
1922 – Independence of the Kingdom of Egypt led by King Ahmed Fuad I. Excavations of the tomb of Tutankhamun.
1947-1949 - Egypt's participation in the first Arab-Israeli war. Egypt's seizure of the Gaza Strip.
- 1952 – A military group overthrows King Farouk I. The infant Ahmed Fuad II becomes king, mohammed Abdel Moneim becomes regent.
1953 – Egypt is proclaimed a republic. Mohammed Naguib became president. The end of the reign of Muhammad Ali dynasty.
1954 - Mohammed Naguib resigns, he is replaced by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Withdrawal of British troops from Egypt.
1956 – Nationalization of the Suez Canal. Attack on Egypt by Israel, Britain and France. Closure of navigation on the Suez Canal.
1957 (April) - The Suez Canal was opened for the passage of ships after the introduction of UN troops.
1958 – Egypt and Syria form the United Arab Republic (UAR) under Nasser's leadership.
1960-1970 - The USSR builds the Aswan Hydroelectric Power Station in the UAR.
1961 – Syria secedes from the UAR. The United Arab Republic became a unitary state.
1967 - Participation of the UAR in the Third Arab-Israeli (Six-Day) War. Israel's seizure of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip. Closure of navigation on the canal.
1970 – Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser. Anwar Sadat becomes the new president. Reorientation of the UAR from the USSR to the USA.
1971 – The UAR is transformed into the Arab Republic of Egypt.
1973 - Yom Kippur War with Israel, which for Egypt ended with the preservation of the status quo.
1975 (June 5) - completion of the demining of the Suez Canal and its opening for the passage of ships.
1977 - Armed conflict with Libya.
- 1979 – Peace with Israel is signed in exchange for the Sinai Peninsula. Expulsion of Egypt from the League of Arab States. Withdrawal of the Israeli Armed Forces from the Sinai.
- 1981 – Assassination of President Anwar Sadat by religious fundamentalists, hosni Mubarak comes to power.
1989 – Egypt's restoration to the League of Arab States.
2011 – Since January 25, mass popular unrest has continued in Egypt, escalating into a civil uprising between supporters of President Hosni Mubarak and the opposition. The result of the unrest was the resignation on February 11, 2011 of Hosni Mubarak, who transferred power to the Supreme Military Council.[11]
2012 - Presidential elections (May 23 and May 24 - 1 round, June 16 and June 17 - 2 round). Mohammed Morsi became president.
2013 – On July 3, a group of soldiers overthrows Mohammed Morsi.
2015 - On March 16, the construction of a new capital of Egypt was announced, which, according to the creators, will be able to relieve overpopulated Cairo.
2016 – On April 8, Cairo and Riyadh signed an agreement to build a bridge across the Red Sea.
2018 – On June 14, the Egyptian parliament approved the transfer of the two islands to Saudi Arabia.

Egypt is bordered on the west by Libya, on the south by Sudan, on the east by the Palestinian Authority, Israel, and also has a maritime border with Saudi Arabia and Jordan.

It is washed in the north by the Mediterranean Sea, in the east by the Red Sea. Egypt owns one of the largest artificially constructed canals - the Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, thereby opening a short route from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.

Through the territory of Egypt from south to north flows one of the two greatest rivers in the world – the Nile.

Minerals

The subsoil of the country contains reserves of oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, limestone, manganese, zinc, lead.

Inland waters

The Nile River, one of the largest rivers in the world (6853 km). This great river became the cradle of civilization in the region.

Soil and vegetation

About 96% of the country's territory is occupied by deserts, 4% falls on the delta and the valley of the Nile River.

Fauna

The fauna of Egypt is characterized by gazelles, foxes, jerboas, hyenas, jackals, hippos, crocodiles, camels, a large number of birds, insects, lizards and snakes.