First aid is the beginning of the treatment of injuries, because it prevents complications such as shock, bleeding, the development of infection, additional displacements of bone fragments and injury to large nerve trunks and blood vessels.

It should be remembered that the further state of health of the victim and even his life largely depends on the timeliness and quality of first aid. With some minor injuries, medical care for the victim may be limited only to the amount of first aid. However, in case of more serious injuries (fractures, dislocations, bleeding, damage to internal organs, etc.), first aid is the initial stage, since after its provision, the victim must be taken to a medical institution. First aid is very important, but will never replace qualified (specialized) medical care if the victim needs it. You should not try to treat the victim – this is the business of a specialist doctor.

DISLOCATION

Dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of the bones, partially or completely disrupting their mutual contact.

SIGNS:

the appearance of intense pain in the area of the affected joint;
violation of the function of the limb, manifested in the inability to produce active movements;
forced position of the limb and deformation of the shape of the joint;
displacement of the articular head with desolation of the joint capsule and springy fixation of the limb in its abnormal position.
Traumatic dislocations of the joints require immediate first aid. Timely corrected dislocation, with proper subsequent treatment, will lead to a complete restoration of the impaired function of the limb.

FIRST AID should consist, as a rule, in fixing the damaged limb, giving an anesthetic drug and referring the victim to a medical institution. Fixation of the limb is carried out by dressing or hanging it on a scarf. In case of dislocation of the joints of the lower limb, the victim should be taken to a medical institution in a supine position (on a stretcher), with pillows placed under the limb, its fixation and giving the victim an anesthetic. When providing first aid in unclear cases, when it was not possible to distinguish a dislocation from a fracture, the victim should be treated as if he has a clear bone fracture.

BLEEDING

Bleeding is the outpouring of blood from damaged blood vessels. It is one of the frequent and dangerous consequences of wounds, injuries and burns. Depending on the type of damaged vessel, there are: arterial, capillary and venous bleeding.

ARTERIAL BLEEDING occurs when the arteries are damaged and is the most dangerous.
SIGNS: from the wound a strong pulsating stream beats scarlet blood.

FIRST AID is aimed at stopping bleeding, which can be carried out by giving the bleeding area a raised position, applying a pressure bandage, maximizing the flexion of the limb in the joint and squeezing the vessels passing in this area, finger pressing, applying a tourniquet. Pressing of the vessel is carried out above the wound, at certain anatomical points, where muscle mass is less pronounced, the vessel passes superficially and can be pressed against the underlying bone. It is better to press not with one, but with several fingers of one or both hands.

With bleeding in the temple area, the artery is pressed in front of the earlobe, at the zygomatic bone.

When bleeding in the cheek area, the vessels should be pressed to the edge of the lower jaw, in front of the masticatory muscle.

With bleeding from wounds of the face, tongue, scalp, the carotid artery is pressed against the transverse process of the cervical vertebra, along the anterior edge of the sternoclavicular mastoid muscle, at its middle.

With bleeding in the shoulder, the subclavian artery is pressed under the collarbone to the rib; the axillary artery is pressed in the armpit to the head of the humerus.

When bleeding in the forearm and elbow, the brachial artery is pressed at the inner edge of the biceps muscle of the shoulder (biceps) to the humerus.

With bleeding in the inguinal region, the abdominal aorta is pressed with a fist below and to the left of the navel to the spine.

With bleeding in the thigh area, pressing is carried out against the horizontal branch of the pubic bone at a point located below the inguinal ligament.

Finger pressing to temporarily stop bleeding is rarely used, only as an emergency. The most reliable way to temporarily stop severe arterial bleeding on the upper and lower extremities is to apply a hemostatic tourniquet or twist, i.e. circular tug-of-war of the limb. There are several types of hemostatic tourniquets. In the absence of a harness, any improvised material (rubber tube, trouser belt, handkerchief, rope, etc.) can be used.

The order of application of the hemostatic tourniquet:

A tourniquet is applied when the large arteries of the limbs above the wound are damaged, so that it completely pinches the artery.
The tourniquet is applied with a raised limb, putting a soft cloth (bandage, clothing, etc.) under it, make several turns until the bleeding completely stops. The turns should lie close to each other, so that the folds of clothing do not fall between them. The ends of the harness are securely fixed (tied or fastened with a chain and a hook). A properly tightened tourniquet should lead to a stop in bleeding and the disappearance of the peripheral pulse.
A note is attached to the harness indicating the time of application of the tourniquet.
The tourniquet is applied for no more than 1.5-2 hours, and in the cold season the duration of the stay of the tourniquet is reduced to 1 hour.
If there is an urgent need for a longer stay of the tourniquet on the limb, it is weakened for 5-10 minutes (until the blood supply to the limb is restored), producing a finger press on the damaged vessel for this time. Such manipulation can be repeated several times, but at the same time reducing the duration of the time between manipulations by 1.5-2 times compared to the previous one. The tourniquet should lie so that it is visible. The victim with the applied tourniquet is immediately sent to a medical institution for the final stop of bleeding.
2.VENOUS BLEEDING occurs when the walls of the veins are damaged.

SIGNS: Dark blood flows out of the wound in a slow continuous stream.

FIRST AID is to stop bleeding, for which it is enough to give a raised position to the limb, bend it as much as possible at the joint or apply a pressure bandage. This position is given to the limb only after applying a pressure bandage. With severe venous bleeding, they resort to pressing the vessel. The damaged vessel is pressed against the bone below the wound. This method is convenient because it can be performed immediately and does not require any devices.

3.CAPILLARY BLEEDING is a consequence of damage to the smallest blood vessels (capillaries).

SIGNS: The entire wound surface bleeds.

FIRST AID consists in applying a pressure bandage. A bandage (gauze) is applied to the bleeding area, you can use a clean handkerchief or bleached cloth.

SWOON

FAINTING is a sudden short-term loss of consciousness, accompanied by a weakening of the activity of the heart and breathing. It occurs with rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more.

SIGNS. Fainting is expressed in a sudden onset of badness, dizziness, weakness and loss of consciousness. Fainting is accompanied by blanching and cooling of the skin. Breathing is slow, shallow, weak and rare pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute).

FIRST AID. First of all, it is necessary to lay the victim on his back so that the head is somewhat lowered, and the legs are raised. To facilitate breathing, free the neck and chest from constraining clothing. Warmly cover the victim, put a heating pad at his feet. Rub ammonia on the patient's whiskey and bring a cotton wool moistened with ammonia to your nose, and sprinkle cold water on your face. With prolonged fainting, artificial respiration is indicated. After regaining consciousness, give him hot coffee.

FRACTURE

A fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bone caused by violence or a pathological process. Open fractures are characterized by the presence of a wound in the fracture area, and closed ones are characterized by the absence of a violation of the integrity of the integuments (skin or mucous membrane). It should be remembered that the fracture may be accompanied by complications: damage to the sharp ends of bone fragments of large blood vessels, which leads to external bleeding (in the presence of an open wound) or interstitial hemorrhage (with a closed fracture); damage to the nerve trunks, causing shock or paralysis; infection of the wound and the development of phlegmon, the occurrence of osteomyelitis or a general purulent infection; damage to internal organs (brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, etc.).

SIGNS: severe pain, deformation and impaired motor function of the limb, shortening of the limb, a kind of bone crunch.

With skull fractures, nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness, slowing of the pulse will be observed - signs of a concussion (bruise) of the brain, bleeding from the nose and ears.

Pelvic fractures are always accompanied by significant blood loss and in 30% of cases the development of traumatic shock. This condition occurs due to the fact that large blood vessels and nerve trunks are damaged in the pelvic region. There are violations of urination and defecation, blood appears in the urine and feces.

Fractures of the spine are one of the most serious injuries, often fatal. Anatomically, the spinal column consists of adjacent vertebrae, which are interconnected by intervertebral discs, articular processes and ligaments. In a special channel is located the spinal cord, which can also suffer from injury. Very dangerous are injuries of the cervical spine, leading to serious violations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. When the spinal cord and its roots are damaged, its conductivity is disturbed.

FIRST AID consists in ensuring the immobility of bone fragments (transport immobilization) of the injured limb with splints or sticks, planks, etc. Available at hand If there are no items for immobilization at hand, then the damaged arm should be bandaged to the torso, the injured leg to a healthy one. With a fracture of the spine, the victim is transported to the shield. With an open fracture, accompanied by heavy bleeding, a pressing aseptic dressing and, according to indications, a hemostatic tourniquet are applied. It should be borne in mind that the application of a tourniquet is limited to the minimum possible period. The affected person is given painkillers: baralgin, sedelgin, analgin, amidopyrine, diphenhydramine, dosage depending on the age of the victim.

WOUNDS

One of the most frequent reasons for first aid are wounds (wounds). A wound is a mechanical damage to the integuments of the body, often accompanied by a violation of the integrity of muscles, nerves, large vessels, bones, internal organs, cavities and joints. Depending on the nature of the injury and the type of wounding object, there are wounds cut, punctured, chopped, bruised, crushed, firearm, laceration and bitten. Wounds can be superficial, deep and penetrating into the body cavity.

The causes of injury can be various physical or mechanical effects. Depending on their strength, nature, characteristics and places of application, they can lead to a variety of skin and mucous membrane defects, injuries to blood vessels, damage to internal organs, bones, nerve trunks and cause acute pain.

Cut wounds. A cut wound is usually gaping, has smooth edges and bleeds profusely. With such a wound, the surrounding tissues are damaged slightly and are less prone to infection.

Puncture wounds are the result of penetration into the body of stabbing objects. Puncture wounds are often penetrating into the cavities (thoracic, abdominal and articular). The shape of the entrance hole and the wound canal depends on the type of wounding weapon and the depth of its penetration. Puncture wounds are characterized by a deep channel and often significant damage to internal organs. Internal bleeding in the body cavity is not uncommon. Due to the fact that the wound canal due to tissue displacement is usually tortuous, leaks between tissues and the development of infections can form.

Chopped wounds. Such wounds are characterized by deep tissue damage, wide gaping, bruising and concussion of surrounding tissues.

Bruised and lacerated wounds are characterized by a large number of kneaded, bruised, blood-soaked tissues. Bruised blood vessels are thrombosed.

In case of a gunshot wound, the victim needs urgent qualified medical care.

FIRST AID. Any wound should be bandaged, if possible aseptic (sterile). The means of applying an aseptic dressing in most cases is a medical dressing package, and in its absence - a sterile bandage, cotton wool, lignin and, in extreme cases, a clean cloth. If the wound is accompanied by significant bleeding, it is necessary to stop it in any suitable way. With extensive wounds of soft tissues, with bone fractures and wounds of large blood vessels and nerve trunks, immobilization of the limb with service or improvised means is necessary. The victim needs to be injected with an anesthetic drug and given antibiotics. The victim must be taken to a medical institution as soon as possible.

SPRAIN

Stretching is damage to soft tissues (ligaments, muscles, tendons, nerves) under the influence of a force that does not violate their integrity. Most often, there is a stretching of the ligamentous apparatus of the joints with incorrect, sudden and sudden movements that go beyond the normal range of motion of this joint (when twisting the foot, lateral turns of the leg with a fixed foot, etc.). In more severe cases, a tear or complete rupture of the ligaments and joint bag may occur.

SIGNS: the appearance of sudden severe pain, swelling, impaired movement in the joints, hemorrhage in soft tissues. When feeling the sprain site, soreness appears.

FIRST AID provides for providing rest to the victim, tight bandaging of the damaged joint, ensuring its mobility and reducing hemorrhage. Then you need to consult a doctor - a traumatologist.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

Artificial respiration is an urgent measure of first aid for drowning, suffocation, electric shock, heat and sunstroke. It is carried out until the victim completely restores breathing.

THE MECHANISM OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION is as follows:

put the victim on a horizontal surface;
clean the mouth and throat of the victim from saliva, mucus, earth and other foreign objects, if the jaws are tightly compressed - push them apart;
throw the head of the victim back, putting one hand on the forehead, and the other on the back of the head;
take a deep breath, bending to the victim, seal the mouth area with your lips and exhale. Exhalation should last about 1 second and contribute to the lifting of the chest of the victim. In this case, the nostrils of the victim should be closed, and the mouth should be covered with gauze or a handkerchief, for hygiene reasons;
frequency of artificial respiration - 16-18 times per minute;
periodically release the stomach of the victim from air, pressing on the epigastric region.
HEART MASSAGE

Heart massage is a mechanical effect on the heart after it has stopped in order to restore activity and maintain continuous blood flow, until the heart resumes.

SIGNS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST - loss of consciousness, sharp pallor, disappearance of the pulse, cessation of breathing or the appearance of rare convulsive breaths, dilation of the pupils.

The mechanism of EXTERNAL MASSAGE OF THE HEART is as follows: with a sharp jerky pressure on the chest, it is shifted by 3-5 cm, this is facilitated by muscle relaxation in the victim who is in a state of agony. This movement leads to compression of the heart and it can begin to perform its pumping function - it pushes blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery when squeezed, and when straightened, it sucks up venous blood. When conducting an external massage, the heart of the victim is laid on his back, on a flat and hard surface (floor, table, earth, etc.), the belt and the collar of clothing are unfastened.

The helper, standing on the left side, puts the palm of the hand on the lower third of the sternum, the second palm is placed crosswise on top and produces a strong dosed pressure towards the spine. Pressure is made in the form of tremors, at least 60 in 1 min. When conducting a massage in an adult, a significant effort is needed not only of the hands, but also of the entire body of the body. In children, massage is performed with one hand, and in infants and newborns - with the tips of the index and middle fingers, with a frequency of 100-110 tremors per minute. Displacement of the sternum in children should be made within 1.5-2 cm.

The effectiveness of indirect heart massage is provided only in combination with artificial respiration. They are more convenient for two persons. In this case, the first makes one injection of air into the lungs, then the second produces five pressures on the chest. If the victim's cardiac activity is restored, the pulse is determined, the face is pink, then the heart massage is stopped, and artificial respiration is continued in the same rhythm until independent breathing is restored. The question of the termination of measures to assist the victim is decided by the doctor called to the scene of the incident.

POISONING WITH EMERGENCY CHEMICALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

POISONING OF PEOPLE WITH EMERGENCY CHEMICALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (AHOV) in accidents and catastrophes occurs when AHOV enters the body through the respiratory and digestive organs, skin and mucous membranes. The nature and severity of the lesions are determined by the following main factors: the type and nature of the toxic effect, the degree of toxicity, the concentration of chemicals in the affected facility (territory) and the timing of human exposure.

SIGNS.

The above factors will determine the clinical manifestations of lesions, which in the initial period may be:

phenomena of irritation - cough, tickling and sore throat, lacrimation and pain in the eyes, chest pain, headache;
the growth and development of phenomena from the central nervous system (CNS) - headache, dizziness, a feeling of intoxication and fear, nausea, vomiting, a state of euphoria, impaired coordination of movements, drowsiness, general lethargy, apathy, etc.
FIRST AID should be provided as soon as possible and consist in:

putting a gas mask on the victim, conducting partial sanitization of open areas of the body and clothing adjacent to open areas of the body;
use to protect the respiratory system, in the absence of a gas mask, improvised means (a piece of cloth, towels and other materials) moistened with a solution of baking soda;
introduction of an antipode (antidote);
removal (removal) of the victim from the zone of infection;
in carrying out, if necessary, artificial respiration and indirect heart massage in an uninfected area;
first aid in the presence of a chemical focus (see section "Chemical burn");
delivery of the victim to the nearest medical institution.
CHEMICAL BURN

CHEMICAL BURNS are the result of exposure to tissues (skin, mucous membranes) of substances with a pronounced cauterizing property (strong acids, alkalis, salts of heavy metals, phosphorus). Most chemical burns of the skin are industrial, and chemical burns of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach are more often household.

The effect of strong acids and salts of heavy metals on tissues leads to coagulation, coagulation of proteins and their dehydration, so coagulation necrosis of tissues occurs with the formation of a dense gray crust from dead tissues, which prevents the action of acids on deep tissues. Alkalis do not bind proteins, but dissolve them, saponify fats and cause deeper necrosis of tissues, which take the form of a white soft scab.

It should be noted that determining the degree of chemical burn in the first days is difficult due to insufficient clinical manifestations.

FIRST AID consists of:

immediate washing of the affected surface with a stream of water, which achieves the complete removal of acid or alkali and stops their damaging effect;
neutralization of acid residues with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda);
neutralization of alkali residues with a 2% solution of acetic or citric acid;
applying an aseptic dressing to the affected surface;
taking an anesthetic to the victim if necessary.
PHOSPHORUS BURNS are usually deep, as phosphorus continues to burn when it comes into contact with the skin.

FIRST AID for phosphorus burns consists in:

immediate immersion of the burned surface in water or in abundant irrigation with water;
cleaning the burn surface from pieces of phosphorus with tweezers;
applying a lotion with a 5% solution of copper sulfate to the burn surface;
applying an aseptic dressing;
taking an anesthetic to the victims.
Exclude the application of ointment dressings, which can enhance the fixation and absorption of phosphorus.

RADIATION DAMAGE

RADIATION DAMAGE occurs in accidents at nuclear installations with a violation of the integrity of technological communications and the entry into the environment of gamma- and beta-radioactive substances in a liquid, aerosol or gaseous state. Depending on the specific conditions (nature of the accident, type of installation, amount of space), a person may be exposed to:

radioactive noble gases;

penetrating radiation from radioactively contaminated objects of the external environment;

radioactive substances approved on the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract;

radioactive substances entering the body by inhalation, drift from contaminated skin or by eating food and drinking water containing nuclides.

Combinations of individual components of the impact may be different. In each case, the outcome of radiation exposure will depend on the level and dose of general and local exposure and, quite significantly, on the size of the body surface exposed to "additional" radiation.

FIRST AID (URGENT ACTIONS). It is necessary:

shelter from exposure to ionizing radiation;
take a radioprotector and stable iodine (in case of an accident at a nuclear power plant);
apply immediately to the medical and prophylactic institution of this facility or near the one located;
decontamination - washing under the shower with hot water with soap and a brush.
In the presence of mechanical trauma, thermal burn, additionally, you should:

wash the wound with a stream of water with a disinfectant;
the wound should be treated with a solution of hydrogen peroxide in order to remove radionuclides;
apply an aseptic dressing to the wound surface;
administer (give) an anesthetic;
in case of fracture, immobilize by applying a splint.
RADIATION BURN

RADIATION BURNS occur when exposed to ionizing radiation, give a peculiar clinical picture and need special methods of treatment.

When irradiating living tissues, intercellular connections are disrupted and toxic substances are formed, which serves as the beginning of a complex chain reaction that extends to all tissue and intracellular metabolic processes. Violation of metabolic processes, exposure to toxic products and the rays themselves, first of all, affects the function of the nervous system.

SIGNS. In the first time after irradiation, there is a sharp overexcitation of nerve cells, alternating with a state of parabiosis. After a few minutes in the tissues exposed to radiation, the capillaries expand, and after a few hours - the death and disintegration of the endings and trunks of the nerves.

FIRST AID. It is necessary:

remove radioactive substances from the surface of the skin by washing with a stream of water or special solvents;
give radioprotective means (radioprotector - cystamine);
apply an aseptic dressing to the affected surface;
the victim should be taken to a medical institution as soon as possible.
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING occurs when it is inhaled and refers to acute poisoning. The formation of carbon monoxide occurs during combustion and in production conditions. It is contained in blast furnace, furnace, mine, tunnel, luminous gases. In the chemical industry, it is formed in the course of technical processes in which this chemical compound serves as a starting material for the synthesis of acetone, phosgene, methyl alcohol, methane, etc.

The DAMAGING EFFECT of carbon monoxide is based on the reaction of the compound with hemoglobin (a chemical blood compound consisting of protein and iron, which supplies the tissue with oxygen), resulting in the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, unable to transport oxygen to the tissues, resulting in hypoxia (oxygen starvation of tissues). This explains the earliest and most pronounced changes in the central nervous system, especially sensitive to lack of oxygen.

SIGNS: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, stunned condition, sharp muscle weakness, darkening of consciousness, loss of consciousness, coma. When exposed to high concentrations of carbon monoxide, severe poisoning is observed, which are characterized by loss of consciousness, a prolonged coma, leading in especially severe cases to death. In this case, there is a dilation of the pupils with a sluggish reaction to light, an attack of convulsions, a sharp tension (rigidity) of the muscles, rapid shallow breathing, and a rapid heartbeat. Death occurs when breathing and cardiac activity stop.

FIRST AID. It is necessary:

take the victim out into the fresh air;
free the neck and chest from constraining clothing;
bring ammonia to your nose;
if possible, inhale oxygen;
if necessary, do artificial respiration and indirect heart massage;
urgently deliver to a medical institution.
ELECTROTRAUMA

ELECTROTRAUMA occurs when a person comes into direct or indirect contact with a source of electricity. Under the influence of heat (joule heat), formed during the passage of electric current through the tissues of the body, burns occur. Electric current usually causes deep burns. All pathological disorders caused by electrotrauma can be explained by the direct impact of electric current when it passes through the tissues of the body; side effects caused by the passage of current in the environment outside the body.

SIGNS. As a result of the direct effect of current on the body, general phenomena arise (a disorder of the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory systems, etc.).

Side effects in the environment (heat, light, sound) can cause changes in the body (blinding and burns with a voltaic arc, damage to the organs of hearing, etc.).

When providing FIRST AID to the affected, it is necessary to quickly release the affected person from the action of electric current, using improvised means (dry stick, rope, board, etc. or skillfully cutting (cutting) the wire approaching him with a shovel or axe, disconnecting the network, etc. The person assisting in self-defense should wrap his hands in rubberized cloth, dry cloth, put on rubber gloves, stand on a dry board, The affected person should be taken for those parts of clothing that do not fit directly to the body (the hem of the dress, the floors of the jacket, cloak, coat).

RESUSCITATION BENEFITS consist of:

artificial respiration from mouth to mouth or from mouth to nose;
implementation of a closed heart massage.
To relieve (reduce) pain, the victim is injected (given) an anesthetic drug.

An aseptic dressing is applied to the area of electrical burns.

THERMAL BURN

THERMAL BURN is one of the types of trauma that occurs when exposing the tissues of the body to high temperature. By the nature of the agent that caused the burn, the latter can be obtained from exposure to light radiation, flame, boiling water, steam, hot air, electric current.

Burns can be of the most diverse localization (face, hands, trunk, limbs) and occupy a different area. According to the depth of the lesion, burns are divided into 4 degrees: I degree is characterized by hyperemia and swelling of the skin, accompanied by burning pain; II degree - the formation of bubbles filled with a clear liquid of yellowish color; IIIa degree - the spread of necrosis to the epidermis; IIIb - necrosis of all layers of the skin; IV degree - necrosis of not only the skin, but also deep-lying tissues.

FIRST AID consists of:

termination of the traumatic agent. To do this, it is necessary to throw off the burning clothes, knock down the runner in burning clothes, pour water on him, cover him with snow, cover the burning area of clothing with an overcoat, coat, blanket, tarpaulin, etc .;

extinguishing burning clothes or an incendiary mixture. When extinguishing napalm, raw earth, clay, sand are used; napalm can be extinguished with water only when the victim is immersed in water;
prevention of shock: introduction (giving) of painkillers;
removal (cutting) from the affected areas of the body of the affected clothing;
applying an aseptic dressing to the burned surfaces (using a bandage, an individual dressing bag, a clean towel, a sheet, a handkerchief, etc.);
immediate referral to a medical institution.
The effectiveness of self- and mutual assistance depends on how quickly the victim or people around him will be able to navigate the situation, use the skills and means of first aid.

RESUSCITATION BENEFITS in the lesion are reduced to a closed heart massage, ensuring the patency of the respiratory tract, artificial breathing from mouth to mouth or from mouth to nose. If resuscitation by these methods is ineffective, it is stopped.

HELP IN VARIOUS CASES

Frostbite

Frostbite is tissue damage caused by exposure to low temperatures. The development of frostbite contributes to alcohol intoxication, wind, humidity, tight clothing and shoes. More often, the fingers and toes, nose, ears are affected. Exposure to low temperatures leads to vasospasm, as a result of which there is a slowdown in blood flow, vascular thrombosis with impaired blood circulation in organs and tissues. There are frostbite of 1,2,3,4 degrees. Frostbite most often occurs without sharp pain.

The victim should be introduced into a warm room (t = 18-20 °), warmed, covered with heating pads, give him hot tea or coffee, painkillers.

The frostbitten limb should be immersed in a bath and warmed for 40-60 minutes, gradually increasing the temperature from 20 ° C to 40 ° C. At the same time, a massage is performed, which should be continued until the skin warms and reddens, then an alcohol bandage should be applied to the affected areas. Massage is carried out from the periphery to the center, forcing the victim to move his fingers, feet, hands. Rubbing with snow, immersion of limbs in cold water is unacceptable. In case of frostbite of a large area of the leg or hand, or with general freezing, you should take a warm bath (37 ° C), and then, after washing off the dirt, do a massage and bandage. If bubbles filled with fluid began to appear, i.e. this is frostbite of 2,3, or 4 degrees, the victim should be sent to the hospital.

Heat and sunstroke

Heat and sun stroke are painful conditions that occur as a result of overheating of the body. Heat stroke most often occurs in hot, windless weather. Sunstroke occurs when overheated by direct sunlight, especially the head.

The first signs of overheating of the body are lethargy, weakness, nausea, headache, in the future, the temperature may rise, vomiting will appear.

When these signs appear, the victim must be taken to the doctor, but first primary care should be provided. The victim should be laid in the shade, in a cool place, remove the constraining clothing. To the head, axillary and inguinal areas, side surfaces of the neck, you need to apply a bubble with ice or cold water. You can wrap the patient with a wet sheet, it is recommended to drink plenty of water - salted cold water, iced tea, coffee. To excite the breathing, the victim is patted on the face with a damp towel, given to smell ammonia, rubbed the body.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

In case of carbon monoxide poisoning, the patient has a headache, tinnitus, dizziness, general weakness. In severe cases, convulsions and unconsciousness are possible.

The patient should be taken out (or taken out) into the fresh air, laid on his back, put a cold compress on his head and chest, drink hot tea or coffee. Those who have lost consciousness are allowed to smell ammonia. The best remedy for carbon monoxide poisoning is prolonged inhalation of oxygen (the use of oxygen pillows). In the absence of breathing or its sharp oppression, make artificial respiration.

Drowning

The nature of the assistance provided to the victim extracted from the water depends on the severity of his condition. If the victim is conscious, the pulse and breathing are satisfactory, and there are no complaints of respiratory failure, then he should be laid on a dry hard surface so that the head is lowered low, undressed, rubbed with a dry towel, given a hot drink and wrapped with a dry blanket.

After removing the victim from the water with a satisfactory pulse and breathing, but in an unconscious state, it is necessary to throw back his head and extend the lower jaw, then lay it so that the head is low, and free the oral cavity from tina, silt, vomit, wipe it dry and warm it.

When extracting a victim from the water without independent breathing, but with preserved cardiac activity, after the same preliminary measures, artificial respiration should be done as soon as possible by the "mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose" method. If the victim does not have independent breathing and cardiac activity, it is necessary to combine artificial respiration with indirect heart massage.

After first aid, regardless of the severity of the condition, the victim must be taken to a medical institution, since in all cases complications are possible from which the victim may die.

Bruise

A bruise is a mechanical damage to the tissues and organs of the body without violating the integrity of the skin. The main signs of bruises, superficial tissues are pain and swelling at the site of injury. Swelling associated with swelling of bruised tissues, and with severe bruises also with hemorrhage, is detected more often after 2-3 days. With hemorrhage at the site of the bruise, a bruise usually appears in the form of a blue-purple spot. To ease pain and reduce hemorrhage, you should immediately apply cold: make a cold lotion, put a bubble with ice.

It is also recommended to apply a pressure bandage and ensure the rest of the bruised part of the body: hang the arm on a scarf, lay the leg high on the pillow. Very severe pain after a bruise can mean bone damage. You can not rub the bruised place yourself, this can lead to thrombophlebitis. If the swelling and hematoma do not disappear, you should consult a doctor. With severe bruises of the head (especially if they are accompanied by nausea, loss of consciousness), chest, abdomen, the brain and internal organs can be damaged. In such cases, it is necessary to provide the victim with rest and seek medical help.